Are bilinguals more intelligent?

Not on classic verbal IQ tests, where vocabulary is split across two languages. But bilinguals typically outperform monolinguals on non-verbal tasks measuring attention and conflict resolution.

Does bilingualism delay dementia?

Yes. Lifelong bilingualism delays the onset of Alzheimer symptoms by an average of 4–5 years, likely by building cognitive reserve.

Is it too late to learn a second language?

No. Adult language learning improves working memory and attention, though the executive-function benefits are smaller than for lifelong bilinguals.

BackgroundPublished July 21, 20266 min read

Bilingualism and Intelligence: Are Bilinguals Smarter?

Switching between two languages trains executive function and delays dementia. Here's how bilingualism affects IQ, working memory and brain ageing.

Bilingual children score slightly lower on verbal IQ tasks in each of their languages – but noticeably higher on non-verbal tasks measuring attention and conflict resolution. What does that say about intelligence?

What the research says

Ellen Bialystok's research at York University shows that bilinguals constantly suppress one language to use the other – a process that strengthens inhibitory control and attention.

The executive-function advantage

On Stroop tasks and other measures of executive control, bilingual adults respond 5–15% faster than monolinguals. Some of this transfers to fluid tasks like pattern recognition.

Effect on IQ tests

Classic verbal intelligence tests penalise bilinguals slightly because vocabulary is divided. A fair non-verbal test often gives bilinguals a small advantage.

Protection against dementia

Lifelong bilingualism delays Alzheimer symptom onset by an average of 4–5 years. See also IQ and ageing.

Test yourself

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FAQ

Are bilinguals more intelligent?: Not on classic verbal IQ tests, where vocabulary is split across two languages. But bilinguals typically outperform monolinguals on non-verbal tasks measuring attention and conflict resolution.
Does bilingualism delay dementia?: Yes. Lifelong bilingualism delays the onset of Alzheimer symptoms by an average of 4–5 years, likely by building cognitive reserve.
Is it too late to learn a second language?: No. Adult language learning improves working memory and attention, though the executive-function benefits are smaller than for lifelong bilinguals.